petra

February 3, 2026 –  But Barnabus…— Acts #28

David Chupp Acts , , , , , , ,

February 3, 2026 –  But Barnabus…— Acts #28
Acts 9:26–30 

We last left Saul in Acts 9, traveling to Arabia to spend some time with God in the wilderness.   His teachers had misled him in interpreting scripture into believing that Jesus was a fraud, and he needed to receive the truth directly from God. So he went to the place where God speaks, the wilderness, and spent 3 years in Arabia, 

In Saul’s day, Arabia referred to the entire region east of Egypt, including the Sinai Peninsula, and west of Israel. Though we have no idea what his itinerary was, I think he likely went to the same mountain of speaking that Moses and Elijah went to, Mount Sinai.

All of Arabia was under the control of the Nabateans, as far north as Damascus. They were descendants of Ishmael and initially nomadic.  They arrived in this region and displaced the Edomites, descendants of Esau.  While in Arabia, Saul likely also spent time in the capital and economic center of Nabataea, Petra.  There, he could practice his trade of leatherwork and tent making as he sought God’s truth in preparation for his work of spreading the Gospels.  

You have probably seen pictures of Petra, a city carved into the desert cliffs.  You enter the city through a narrow passage known as the Siq. This 3/4 mile winding gorge is as narrow as 10 feet in some places, with cliff walls extending as high as 500 feet.

You reach the end, and it opens up on Petra’s most famous building, the Treasury.  A building carved into the sandstone cliffs.  (You may have seen this building in one of the Indiana Jones movies.)

And Petra was an excellent place for Saul to begin his mission.  As God told Ananias:

Acts 9:15  Go, for he [Saul] is a chosen instrument of mine to carry my name before the Gentiles and kings and the children of Israel.

Saul’s mission was to the Gentiles, kings, and the children of Israel.  Petra was at the crossroads of trade routes from the east to Egypt and became a very wealthy city.  This resulted in a highly diverse population, many of whose members had Jewish ancestry.  So it became a place where Saul could practice his witness to Gentiles, but Gentiles who had some knowledge of Jewish scripture and ways.  And because it was the capital city, Saul might have the opportunity to encounter the king there.  So Saul spent 3 years away from Israel in Arabia.

Acts 9:23-25   But after 3 years, Paul returned to Damascus, where he first met Jesus.“When many days had passed, the Jews plotted to kill him, but their plot became known to Saul. They were watching the gates day and night to kill him, but his disciples took him by night and let him down through an opening in the wall, lowering him in a basket.

Not quite the reception he had hoped for.  Some Jewish leaders conspired against him, but in 2 Corinthians, Paul provides more detail on this plot.  It originated with the governor of Damascus.

2 Corinthians 11:32-33   At Damascus, the governor under King Aretas was guarding the city of Damascus in order to seize me, but I was let down in a basket through a window in the wall and escaped his hands.

Now, why did the governor of Damascus want to arrest Saul?  Scripture tells us that he was under King Aretas.   Aretas reigned over the area of Damascus, but his capital was in Petra.  This suggests that Saul encountered difficulties with the King while in Petra.

Paul was smuggled out of the city by lowering him in a “basket” (or net).  And now he travels to Jerusalem.  Since it has been three years since he left his Pharisee friends, he hopes he will not be a wanted man there and that he will find acceptance among other Jesus followers in Jerusalem.  But would the followers of Jesus accept him?

Acts 9:26-30    And when he had come to Jerusalem, he attempted to join the disciples. And they were all afraid of him, for they did not believe that he was a disciple. But Barnabas took him and brought him to the apostles and declared to them how on the road he had seen the Lord, who spoke to him, and how at Damascus he had preached boldly in the name of Jesus. So he went in and out among them at Jerusalem, preaching boldly in the name of the Lord. And he spoke and disputed with the Hellenists. But they were seeking to kill him. And when the brothers learned this, they brought him down to Caesarea and sent him off to Tarsus.

Their initial reaction was fear of him.  They thought he was pretending to be a follower of Jesus to infiltrate their group.  The last they heard of Saul, he was putting their friends to death. So let’s see:  He wasn’t welcome in Damascus, not by his former friends in the Sanhedrin, and now not even among the followers of Jesus.   It looked like Saul had no place to call home now.  But the next two words are very important…”but Barnabas.”

Barnabus plays a crucial role here.  Everyone was too afraid to get close enough to Saul to see if he was a genuine follower.   They were scared.  But Barnabus was willing to take the risk to approach Saul.  And because he did, see what Luke tells us happened next.  Saul can preach boldly about Jesus in Jerusalem because Barnabas took a chance on him. Let’s look at this character Barnabus and see what made him different than these other followers who were too scared to reach out to Saul. 

First, notice that Luke doesn’t single out a few scared disciples. He says, “They were all afraid of him.”  Fear had consensus.  That is usually the case.  But there was Barnabus.  Do you think Barnabus was scared, too?  Of course, he was.  But the difference was that when everyone else stepped back in fear, Barnabus stepped forward in faith.  He was not being naive.  He was not being reckless.  But he had the faith that God could really change people, even an enemy like Saul.  

What would God have done without Barnabas, who was able to convince the apostles to accept Saul?  What would have happened to Saul’s mission if Barnabas hadn’t taken that risk?  What would God have done?  As we discussed over a month ago, whatever God wills to happen will happen.  If Barnabas had not stepped up, God’s plan for Barnabas would have been thwarted, but not God’s plan for the world.  As we saw before, as with Jonah, he may have given Barnabas another chance, or, as with King Saul, he may have found someone else who would be obedient.  God loves to give us second chances to do the right thing, but he will not allow one man’s disobedience to derail his plans.

By approaching Saul, Barnabas was risking his safety, his reputation, and his standing with the apostles if Saul was not sincere.  And Barnabas had no guarantee that Saul had changed.  He had been gone for 3 years, and the last time they saw him, he was hunting them.  If Saul was lying, then Barnabas risked looking foolish and endangering himself and the others.  Faith often includes the possibility of being wrong. But Barnabas chooses to trust God’s work over his own fear.  This is the risk faith requires.   But this is who Barnabus has always been.  

Let’s take a quick look at what we know about Barnabus from the Book of Acts.  We first meet him in chapter 4.

Acts 4:36   Thus Joseph, who was also called by the apostles Barnabas (which means son of encouragement), a Levite, a native of Cyprus,

So his actual name was Joseph.  Barnabus was a nickname that our translation says means “son of encouragement.”  It is a Hebrew name, Bar-Nabba, meaning “son of a prophet.”  A prophet is not so much someone who foretells, but one who proclaims God’s message. And God’s message is good news; it is encouragement.   And he is from the land of Cyprus. Cyprus is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Turkey and Syria.  It had a thriving Jewish population due to trade, but was primarily composed of Gentiles. Then the next verse tells us:

Acts 4:36-37 “Thus Joseph, who was also called by the apostles Barnabas (which means son of encouragement), a Levite, a native of Cyprus, sold a field that belonged to him and brought the money and laid it at the apostles’ feet.”

We meet Barnabus in Jerusalem; he is the first to sell land and give the proceeds to support the poor among them.  Barnabus was willing to take a financial risk.  He stepped up in faith when there were others in need.  This is just who he was.

Let’s jump ahead in Acts, a few chapters, after the stoning of Stephen, to see more of Barnabus.  The persecution in Jerusalem had caused some followers to spread far, but there was a problem in Antioch.

Acts 11:19-22   Now those who were scattered because of the persecution that arose over Stephen traveled as far as Phoenicia and Cyprus and Antioch, speaking the word to no one except Jews. But there were some of them, men of Cyprus and Cyrene, who on coming to Antioch spoke to the Hellenists also, preaching the Lord Jesus. And the hand of the Lord was with them, and a great number who believed turned to the Lord. The report of this came to the ears of the church in Jerusalem, and they sent Barnabas to Antioch.

Initially, the message of Jesus, the Messiah, was only shared with other Jews.  But in Antioch, they witnessed to the “Helenists also”, that is, the Greeks, people who were not Jewish.1  Word reaches Jerusalem that non-Jews are following Jesus.  And they didn’t know what to do about that.  Others had always been able to join with them in the Jewish faith, even at the time of the Exodus, but that involved a formal procedure and questioning.  They had to agree to follow Jewish laws regarding the Sabbath, food, and ritual purity.  These apostles had always considered their belief in Jesus as a continuation of their Jewish faith.  What should they do with these Gentiles who wanted to join them?  What should they expect from these Greek followers?  Do they need to go through the age-old process to become a part of the Jewish faith?

Someone needed to go to Antioch to assess the situation and help decide what they should do.  And Barnabus is the obvious choice.  Some of the Jews sharing Jesus with the Greeks were from Cyprus and Cyrene, both places with a large Gentile population.  Barnabus was from Cyprus.  And Barnabus’s experience in dealing with Saul might come in handy.  Luke tells us what happened then:

Acts 11:23-24   When he came and saw the grace of God, he was glad, and he exhorted them all to remain faithful to the Lord with steadfast purpose, for he was a good man, full of the Holy Spirit and of faith. And a great many people were added to the Lord.

Barnabus goes to Antioch and, as he did with Saul, sees past the problems and sees the potential of the people there.  Then Barnabus does a really good thing.  Who would be best to help this young group of Jesus followers, with a mixture of Gentiles and Jews?  Saul, of course, trained as a Jewish Rabbi, but was called to preach the gospel of Jesus to the Gentiles.  Acts 11:25-26   So Barnabas went to Tarsus to look for Saul, and when he had found him, he brought him to Antioch. For a whole year, they met with the church and taught a large number of people.

Note that Barnabus stays here for a year with them.  He moves to Antioch for a year to help Saul.  He is a man of commitment.  There is one more scene in the life of Barnabus I’d like us to take a look at.  

In Acts 15, the Jesus followers are still struggling with the same question of what to do with these Gentiles who are accepting Jesus.  Should they make them stop eating pork?  Should they have to follow all the rules of the Rabbis?   They hold a major conference in Jerusalem and reach a compromise decision.  We will talk more about that when we get there.  But then, following this conference, they sent Saul and Barnabus out as missionaries to the Gentiles with this word.

Acts 15:36-38  And after some days Paul said to Barnabas, “Let us return and visit the brothers in every city where we proclaimed the word of the Lord, and see how they are.” Now Barnabas wanted to take with them John, called Mark. But Paul thought best not to take with them one who had withdrawn from them in Pamphylia and had not gone with them to the work.  

Saul/Paul wants to revisit all the areas they have been in before to assess them.  Barnabus agreed, but he wanted to take John Mark with them. John Mark was actually a cousin of Barnabas.  Paul disagreed because of an earlier event.  John Mark was on their previous missionary journey, and at one point, Luke tells us:

Acts 13:13   “Now Paul and his companions set sail from Paphos and came to Perga in Pamphylia. And John left them and returned to Jerusalem,”   

Luke doesn’t tell us why John Mark left them and returned home, but apparently, Paul was very unhappy about it.

Acts 15:36-39“And after some days Paul said to Barnabas, ‘Let us return and visit the brothers in every city where we proclaimed the word of the Lord, and see how they are.” Now Barnabas wanted to take with them John, called Mark. But Paul thought best not to take with them one who had withdrawn from them in Pamphylia and had not gone with them to the work. And there arose a sharp disagreement, so that they separated from each other.”

They had a sharp disagreement.   They had words.  Barnabus wanted to give John Mark another chance.  Again, it was his cousin, but this is what Barnabus would do for anyone.  He doesn’t regard John Mark as a deserter, a failure, or a problem.  Again, as with his encounter with Saul, he doesn’t see the problem; he sees the potential.  He looks past the mistake to see the grace.  This is Barnabas’ character.  So look what God does here.

Acts 15:39-41“Barnabas took Mark with him and sailed away to Cyprus, but Paul chose Silas and departed, having been commended by the brothers to the grace of the Lord. And he went through Syria and Cilicia, strengthening the churches.God takes this disagreement between two preachers and, instead of causing the failure of their mission, increases it twofold.   That is what God always does.  He transforms our failures into multiplied successes.  So we end up with not one but two missionary journeys.

We later find that Barnabas was correct about John Mark.  He went on to do much and authored our Gospel of Mark.  And he and Paul reconciled.  Paul writes in his letter to Timothy:

2 Timothy 4:9-11   Do your best to come to me soon. … Luke alone is with me. Get Mark and bring him with you, for he is very useful to me for ministry.”

And again, we have Barnabus to thank for this.  Because he thought young John Mark needed another chance, Barnabus saw that God was not finished with John Mark.  Again, he saw grace, not guilt, potential, not problem. 

But before we close this section, I want to go back to that passage in Acts 15 where Paul and Barnabas have their disagreement.

Acts 15:39 “And there arose a sharp disagreement, so that they separated from each other.

The Greek word we see translated as “sharp disagreement” is “paroxysmos”.   The Theological Dictionary of the New Testament says it means: “to spur,” “to stir to anger,” “to be provoked, incensed.”  Provocation is usually seen as a negative thing.  We see the verb form of this word in Ephesians 6:4. 

Ephesians 6:4 “Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord.

But again, the noun form is only in the Bible twice.  First, here, describing the “sharp disagreement” between Paul and Barnabus, and the second time in the book of Hebrews.  The book of Hebrews does not identify its author, but most scholars believe the author was Barnabas.  And here is the other verse with paroxysmos:

Hebrews 10:24-25 “And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, not neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near.

Let us consider how to paroxysmos one another.  Let us consider how to provoke one another to love and good works. This is so something that would come from the pen of our Barnabas, our son of encouragement.  Leave it to him to take a word that is usually negative and make it positive.   You may want to call him an optimist, seeing only the good, but Barnabas had the ability to see all the good from God.  I call that faith.  As he did with other followers, with Paul, and with John Mark, he was always seeking ways to encourage others to reach their potential in Jesus.  He refused to allow someone’s past actions to dictate their future.  He was always ready to see God’s grace and forgiveness in action in the lives of others.  

I don’t know about you, but I think the world needs more Barnabases.  I think we all need to develop the Barnabus within us. When everyone else steps back in fear, we need someone who will step forward in faith. When people view someone as a failure, we need someone who will see them as someone God can use.

Who is today’s Saul?  Who is today’s John Mark?  People need someone to believe in them.  Our young people need someone willing to see their possibilities and provoke them to reach their potential in Christ.  

The world is full of people who have made mistakes and failed in life, who need someone to see beyond their past and help them consider their future.  Shirley and I have seen many who have come through our homeless program or have served jail sentences who just need one person who will believe in them, give them another chance, and stand by them.  We all have our faults.  We all need the gift of grace from God, and we need the gift of grace from each other.  I want us all to pray and ask God to help us be the Barnabas in someone’s life.  

This is what Barnabus would say to us today:

Hebrews 10:24-25 “And let us consider how to stir up one another to love and good works, not neglecting to meet together, as is the habit of some, but encouraging one another, and all the more as you see the Day drawing near.

Let this be our prayer.  Father, fill us with your Holy Spirit that we may be like Barnabus.  Urge us to consider how we can provoke one another to love and good works.  

  1. The text clearly means non-Jewish people (Gentiles), but this same term is also used in Acts 9.29 to mean Greek-speaking Jews. This is likely a manuscript problem as noted in the Tyndale Commentary: “Luke must mean Gentiles, but the text is uncertain. Instead of ‘Greeks’, the majority of the MSS (including Codex Vaticanus) have ‘Hellenists’, the word used in 6:1 and 9:29 to designate Greek-speaking Jews.”

September 28, 27 A.D.  –  Who is Jesus to You? —   The Year of the Lord’s Favor #55

David Chupp The 70 Weeks with Jesus Blog , , , , , , , , , , , ,

Week 33 ———  An Important Question in an Unusual Place
Matthew 16:13-20      Mark 8:27-9:1    Luke 9:18-27

Matthew 16:13-20   Now, when Jesus came into the district of Caesarea Philippi, he asked his disciples, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?”   And they said, “Some say John the Baptist, others say Elijah, and others Jeremiah or one of the prophets.”   He said to them, “But who do you say that I am?”   Simon Peter replied, “You are the Christ, the Son of the living God.”   And Jesus answered him, “Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven.   And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.   I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”  Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.

The day of trumpets passed for Jesus in 27 AD, and they are in the ten days of Awe.  It is a time of reflecting on their lives over the past year.  A time of repentance before the Day of Atonement.  The one day of the year that the High Priest enters the Holy of Holy and makes atonement for the nation’s sins.  Today in 2024, we had the Day of Trumpets last Wednesday, and we are in the days of Awe before the Day of Atonement this year, which begins at sunset on Friday.  

In this most holy time of the year, in the days of repentance, Jesus takes his disciples to a most unusual place.  It is one of the most pagan sites in the world, a place where idol worship began in Israel in 900 BC and where idol worship was rampant in his day.  And they are there because it is time to consider who they will follow.    Jesus asks them, who am I to you?   Am I just your teacher, or am I your Messiah?  Am I your high priest who will make the ultimate sacrifice for your sins?

Jesus heads north again, this time to what was once the furthest reaches of Israel, where the tribe of Dan settled.  In Old Testament times, the northeastern area of Israel became a center for Baal worship. In the nearby city of Dan, Israelite king Jeroboam built a high place that angered God and eventually led the Israelites to worship false gods.  When the Greeks conquered the land, it was called Panius, and the worship of the baals was replaced with worship of Greek fertility gods, specifically Pan (the city named for his honor). It became the religious center for Pan worship.  The Hebrews translated that to Banius.

Years later, when the Romans conquered the territory, Herod Philip rebuilt the city and named it in honor of Caesar and after himself. But Caesarea Philippi continued to focus on the worship of Greek gods. On the cliff above the city, local people built shrines and temples to Pan.  

It must have been quite a sight in those days. The Banius River (one of the tributaries to the Jordan) originated from a cave carved out of a sheer cliff face. Water gushed from the mouth of the cave until an earthquake in 1202 relocated the outflow to a lower flat section, from which it flows today.  A great temple was built for Pan near the cave’s mouth, and many niches were carved in the face of the cliff for idols.

Here is what it looks like today: you can see the large cave opening and where the river would flow out.  You can see the remains of the temples of false gods that stood in Jesus’ day.

Here is an artist’s conception of what it looked like in Jesus’ day.

If you want to know the interesting story of who the false god Pan was and how the ancient portrayals of Pan became how we picture “the devil” with horns, pointed ears, and part goat, and if you want to know how we got the name Lucifer mistakenly inserted into the Bible around 300 AD, you’ll have to read my blog entry later this week.

But this was a substantial pagan center of worship.  Some say that people in that day felt the mouth of the cave was the “gates of hell” and that all the fertility gods used it as a passage to the underworld.  (I can’t find any direct sources for this.)   It is this place that Jesus chooses to go to ask this most important question.

On the way there, Jesus asks, “Who do people say that the Son of Man is?”   ‘Son of Man’ is Jesus’s most common title to refer to himself.  In Hebrew, ‘son of man’ can have two meanings.  It can just be the son of Adam, a human, a descendant of Adam, as Luke records in his genealogy of Jesus.  Or it could be a reference to the Son of Man figure in the book of Daniel.

Daniel 7:13-14   “I saw in the night visions, and behold, with the clouds of heaven there came one like a son of man, and he came to the Ancient of Days and was presented before him.  And to him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom, that all peoples, nations, and languages should serve him; his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom one that shall not be destroyed.

So, this “son of man” comes before God to be crowned as king.  (Not coming on the clouds as in a second coming.)   

Look at the encounter Jesus has with the High Priest at his trial before some of the Sanhedrin.

Matthew 26:62-64  And the high priest stood up and said, “Have you no answer to make? What is it that these men testify against you?”  But Jesus remained silent. And the high priest said to him, “I adjure you by the living God, tell us if you are the Christ, the Son of God.” Jesus said to him, “You have said so.

Jesus wasn’t the first to claim to be the Messiah.  Josephus said there were at least a dozen before Jesus.  You could claim to be the Messiah, and the Jewish leaders would sit back and watch to see what happened.  And “son of God” can refer to an earthly king (as in David).   It was not considered blasphemy to make this claim.  But Jesus doesn’t stop there.

Matthew 26:64-66   But I tell you, from now on you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of Power and coming on the clouds of heaven.”   Then the high priest tore his robes and said, “He has uttered blasphemy. What further witnesses do we need? You have now heard his blasphemy.  What is your judgment?” They answered, “He deserves death.” 

Jesus has claimed to be the Son of Man from Daniel 7.  This claim to deity would be considered blasphemous because they did not recognize his deity.

But Jesus is not asking, ‘Who am I?’ but, ‘Who do people say I am?’

Am I just a man, the son of Adam (son of man), or am I Daniel’s “Son of Man” who comes on the clouds?

Some say John the Baptist…
Why would they think Jesus was John the Baptist?  Indeed, we know Herod Antipas believed that Jesus was the reincarnation of John the Baptist, whom he beheaded.  

Matthew 14:1   At that time Herod the tetrarch heard about the fame of Jesus, and he said to his servants, “This is John the Baptist. He has been raised from the dead; that is why these miraculous powers are at work in him.”

Some say, Elijah…
Why would they say that?  It is well known that before the Great Day of the Lord came, Elijah would come.  And in Jesus’ day, and still today, at every Passover seder every year in every Jewish household, they set the table with an empty chair for Elijah.  At a certain point in the meal, they ask a child present to open the door and look outside to see if Elijah is coming.  They are looking forward to the great day.

Malachi 4:5  “See, I will send you the prophet Elijah before that great and dreadful day of the Lord comes.

But Jesus has already told the disciples that John the Baptist was the one who came in the spirit of Elijah…

Matthew 11:13-14  “All the prophets and the law prophesied until John. And if you are willing to receive it, he is Elijah who is to come.”

Jeremiah or one of the prophets…

This concept is not seen in Scripture but was noted in the folklore of the day.

Interestingly, among these opinions of who people think Jesus is, “Messiah” is not one of them.

Not after the feeding of the 5000.  Remember, after the miraculous feeding, they wanted to force Jesus to be king, but he refused.  They wanted a Messiah with an earthly kingdom who would defeat the Romans, make them independent again (and feed them free bread.)  But that was not the Messiah Jesus was to be.  (This was one of the temptations in the wilderness.)  They wanted a different Jesus.  So many left him after that.   No longer would the crowds see Jesus as a potential Messiah.

“But who do you say that I am?”

This is the critical question.  It is not “Who is Jesus?”   Because no matter what you believe, Jesus is who he is.  Despite millions who may not recognize it yet, Jesus is the Son of God who came to deliver us.  And one day, every knee will bow, and every tongue will confess that Jesus is Lord of all.   The important question is:  “Who is Jesus to you?”  If you don’t have a relationship with Jesus as your Lord, if he is not the one who tells you what to do (and you are obedient), if you haven’t pledged your life to him, then Jesus is not your Messiah; he is just a Messiah.  He is not your deliverer; he is a deliverer.  

“Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven.

Notice that Jesus calls Peter “Simon Bar-Jonah” here? You get only the Hebrew name Simon, son of Jonah. He doesn’t use the nickname he gave him the first time Jesus met him.

John 1:42 He [Andrew] brought him to Jesus. Jesus looked at him and said, “You are Simon the son of John? You shall be called Cephas” (which means Petros). 

It is a fairly common nickname today.  Just ask Sylvester Stallone (“Rocky”) or Dwayne Johnson (“The Rock”).   Jesus calling Peter ‘the rock’ probably brought snickers from other disciples, for Simon was often not rock-like until the future.  But that is the way Biblical names frequently work.  Names usually reflect a character trait or destiny yet to be revealed.

Abram is renamed Abraham, father of many when he is 99, a year before Isaac is born.  Jesus’ name means “Yehovah saves” to tell of his future actions.  But here, Jesus uses his original Hebrew name.  Shimon is from the Hebrew ‘shema’ to hear, so the name Simon means  “the one who hears.”  Then Jesus says, “Flesh and blood have not revealed it to you.”  God gave this understanding to Simon Peter.  It was a divine gift.  Over and over in the gospels, we see people who can’t understand the things of God.  God will give the gift of understanding to those who seek him and are willing to accept gifts from him.  If you only get your knowledge about God and the things of God from a person, you are missing it.  You must study God’s words in Scripture and pray for understanding.  People may mislead you.  There are many wolves in sheep’s clothing out there.  God will never mislead you.  So Jesus is really saying, “Blessed are you, Simon, the one who hears because you have heard it from above.”

When Peter said, “You are the Messiah, the son of the living God,” what did he mean?  Did he understand what ‘Messiah’ meant, or did he accept the common belief of the time – that the Messiah would be a military/political/religious leader who would free the Jews from Roman rule and reinstate the powerful reign of David?  Check out verse 22.  Obviously, Peter didn’t understand all of what this meant.

Jesus continues:
“And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.  I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”

There is a lot to unpack here because so many have taken this verse and made it mean what they wanted it to mean.  The Catholic Church has used this verse to say that Peter is the Rock on which the church was built, and he has the authority to govern and make theological decisions.  I can’t agree with this interpretation.  First, I don’t believe Jesus calls Peter the rock on which the church is built.  If you look at the Greek, the two words for rock in that verse are different.  Jesus says to Peter, “You are Petros.”  A petros is a small rock, a pebble.  Then Jesus says, “And on this petra, I will build…”  A petra is a massive stone formation.  (Think of the city of Petra, carved into a solid rock cliff face.)  Let’s see how the Bible uses the word ‘petra.’  

Matthew 7:24   “Everyone then who hears these words of mine and does them will be like a wise man who built his house on the rock (petra).

You build on a solid foundation on the bedrock.  No one builds anything on a pebble (petros).  

So what is this bedrock that will be built upon?   Jesus’ disciples, familiar with the Old Testament, would know the answer.  (So would we if we read the Old Testament.)  Here  is a verse you likely know:

Psalm 19:14    Let the words of my mouth and the meditation of my heart be acceptable in your sight,  O LORD, my rock and my redeemer.  

If you memorized this in the King James version (as I did), God is “my strength and my redeemer.”  That is not a bad translation because the idea of strength is what the psalmist was going for with ‘rock.’    Let’s look at some other verses:

Deuteronomy 32:4    “The Rock, his work is perfect, for all, his ways are justice.  A God of faithfulness and without iniquity, just and upright is he.
1 Samuel 2:2    “There is none holy like the LORD: for there is none besides you; there is no rock like our God.
2 Samuel 22:32    “For who is God, but the LORD?  And who is a rock, except our God?
2 Samuel 22:47    “The LORD lives, and blessed be my rock, and exalted be my God, the rock of my salvation,
Psalm 62:2 He alone is my rock and my salvation, my fortress; I shall not be greatly shaken.
Psalm 78:35 They remembered that God was their rock, the Most High God their redeemer.
1 Corinthians 3:11  For no one can lay a foundation other than that which is laid, which is Jesus Christ.

Peter was not the rock to build on.  He was but a stone (petros) built on the bedrock (petra) of the Father built on the cornerstone of Jesus, with all the prophets and apostles being part of the foundation.

“…and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it.”

So upon this rock I will build what?  In your English version, it says, “church.”  But Jesus would not have said ‘church’ for many reasons.  First, he didn’t speak English.  ‘Church’ is from the German ‘Kirika’, which comes from the Greek ‘kyriakon’, an adjective that means “of the Lord.” This Greek word was used for houses of Christian worship since around 330 A.D.  (Before Constantine, there were no Christian houses of worship legally.  The first “followers of the Way” met in synagogues (for almost all were Jewish).  Later, as the synagogue congregation got tired of the talk of Jesus, they were forced to worship in homes.)  But ‘kyriakon’ is not the Greek word we find here.

“…and on this petra, I will build my ekklesia…”

An ekklesia is an assembly or gathering.  It had no religious connotation at the time Jesus used it.  In the Greek Old Testament (the Septuagint that Paul often quoted from), ekklesia was used for various assemblies.  (The group gathered at Sinai was called an ‘ekklesia’ (Deuteronomy 9:10), and Psalm 26:5 speaks of an “assembly (ekklesia) of evildoers.”)  There was a Greek word for a religious assembly — ‘synagogue’- a word for any religious assembly that, upon adoption into Latin, became used explicitly for Jewish religious assemblies.  

Our English translations are not consistent with how they translate these Greek words.  

‘Ekklesia’ occurs 114 times in the New Testament.  It is always translated as “church” except in these instances:

Acts 7:38 This is the one [Moses] who was in the congregation (ekklesia) in the wilderness with the angel who spoke to him at Mount Sinai, and with our fathers. He received living oracles to give to us.

Acts 19:32  Now some cried out one thing, some another, for the assembly (ekklesia) was in confusion, and most of them did not know why they had come together. [This was a town hall meeting in Ephesus.]

Heb. 2:12 [quoting Psalm 22:22]  “saying, “I will tell of your name to my brothers; in the midst of the congregation (ekklesia) I will sing your praise.”

There is a clear effort in our English translations to use “church” for ekklesia when it is only Jesus’ follower’s meeting.  ‘Synagogue’ is in the New Testament 56 times and is translated (or not translated) as ‘synagogue’ except on one occasion:

James 2:2 For if a man wearing a gold ring and fine clothing comes into your assembly (synagogue), and a poor man in shabby clothing also comes in…

Apparently, our English translators didn’t want people to think that James was writing his letter to a synagogue, even though we know that is where the believers were meeting.  (Again, we see this forced separation from anything Jewish.)

I don’t believe it was Jesus’s intention to build a church as we think of it.  What did Jesus say his primary mission was? He came to regather the lost sheep of Israel.  He was not here to make a new organization.  He is assembling a called-out community of people who recognize the living God and see Jesus as the Messiah.  Jesus’ movement is not a synagogue, nor is it a church.  It is the recovery of God’s reign and rule in the hearts and actions of men and women. as it was established at Sinai. After all, it is His assembly, the same assembly called to hear the word of God at the base of the mountain.  He is calling all to join his Kingdom.  

We get so tied up in how best to build a church.  Hundreds of books exist on the best way to build a church.  But I don’t think Jesus wanted us to build churches.  He wants us to build up the Kingdom of God.  We think too small, building our own little kingdoms, recruiting and proselytizing members.  We think the Great Commission is all about church planting, but Jesus’ Great Commission is all about making disciples.  Jesus is most concerned with pouring life into other lives so that others will experience God’s presence in their midst first-hand. This is what we should be doing.

But ‘Church’ is big business.  People love to build empires, People love to build buildings, People love to build organizations.   When we were in Egypt, our teacher showed us the magnificent temples and pyramids the pharaohs built.  Egypt was all about building huge buildings.  And he said…”The Kingdoms of this world build buildings. Our God builds people.  

Matthew 16:19-20  I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.”  Then he strictly charged the disciples to tell no one that he was the Christ.

There is so much to unpack in these verses but I’m going to be brief.  If you go to a church or museum and see statues of the apostles, it is always easy to pick out Peter.  He is the one holding a bunch of keys. (It is also from this verse we get the idea of Peter being the gatekeeper of Heaven.)   I agree with John Piper, who said the key to heaven is the knowledge of the true identity of Jesus.  That is what this whole passage is about.  Piper said, “When any faithful Christian who speaks the words with the bedrock of Jesus’s identity at the center — when you speak those words faithfully, you are using the keys of the kingdom to open the kingdom in people’s lives.”  Knowing Jesus as your Messiah is the key.

Binding and loosing are rabbinic idioms that say what is allowed and what is not.  (

think of binding an animal to a hitching post.  If you bind it there, it is restricted.  If you loose it, it is free to roam around.)  What does it mean to observe the Sabbath?  Who decides what is permitted or allowed?  The Pharisees had taken that authority and run with it (and never stopped running.)  What could you carry, how far could you walk, etc.  But Jesus said they did this poorly.

Matthew 23:4  They tie up heavy burdens, hard to bear, and lay them on people’s shoulders, but they themselves are not willing to move them with their finger.

But someone has to interpret the law.  So Jesus is passing that authority on to these disciples. It is not to Peter only, because the ‘you’ in verse 19 is plural, “I am giving y’all the keys to the kingdom….”  (Jesus restates the binding and loosing in Matthew 18:18 with the plural ‘you.’)

Jesus went on a several-day journey to the northernmost reaches of the promised land.  It was a place none of the disciples had ever been.  It was the place where things went wrong in Israel.  It was where 900 years before Jesus, King Jeroboam built altars to idols, the baals, and fertility gods, and told the people of Israel — this is your God who brought you out of Egypt. This place, where in Jesus’ day, thousands came to worship a fertility god they called Pan.  A place some called the ‘Gates of Hell.’  And Jesus brings his disciples there to ask them this question:  “Who do you say that I am?”  Because if you really understand who I am and if you follow me, you will be part of a community of believers that the Gates of Hell can not stand against.  In Jesus’ day, gates were defensive structures built to withstand the enemy.  Jesus said if you accept me as your Messiah and as your Lord (meaning you follow my orders), then you will storm the Gates of Hell.  It is not a defense against hell but an offense against it.  And there are people in your community, some of your neighbors, who are bound for hell, and we need to stop hiding in church buildings and go on the offensive.

Jesus brought them here because they have to make a choice.  When they came into this promised land, Joshua called them all together and said you have to choose

Joshua 24:14   “Now therefore fear Yehovah and serve him in sincerity and in faithfulness. Put away the gods that your fathers served beyond the river and in Egypt, and serve Yehovah.  And if it is bad in your eyes to serve Yehovah, choose this day whom you will serve, whether the gods your fathers served in the region beyond the river or the gods of the Amorites in whose land you dwell.  But as for me and my house, we will serve Yehovah.”

Years after Joshua, 10 of the 12 tribes chose to follow the idols.  Right here in this place.  In Jesus’ day, people still chose to worship Pan there and said he was the god who would make their land fertile so they could be rich.  Jesus says am I a prophet?  Am I just your teacher?  Am I just a Messiah, or am I your Messiah?  And now, you and I have to choose, and we choose every day.  I don’t have to take you to a pagan place of idols.  You walk among idols every day.   We walk among people who worship the idols of this world and say they will make them rich, healthy, and successful.  What are we building?  Are we building our own little kingdoms and buildings?  Or are we building people for the kingdom of God?  Are we making disciples?  Who is Jesus to you?